Mathematical Research

Participants contributed follow-up time from the return of the 1986 questionnaire up to the occurrence of a confirmed stroke, death, or January 31, 1994. Intakes of potassium and other nutrients were energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d. 16 Relative risks (RR) were calculated by dividing the incidence of stroke among men in each fifth of energy-adjusted potassium intake at baseline by the incidence among men in the lowest fifth of intake. Similar calculations were done for the other nutrients. We adjusted RRs for age (5-year categories) 17 and used the Mantel extension test 18 to test for linear trends. To adjust for other risk factors, we used pooled logistic regression with 2-year intervals. When the probability of an event within an interval is small, this method is equivalent to a Cox proportional-hazards analysis. 19 Multivariate models included as covariates calendar time (2-year intervals), total energy intake (continuous variable), smoking (current, past, and 1 to 14, 15 to 24, and ?25 cigarettes/d), alcohol consumption (<5, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 29, and ?30 g/d), history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 65 years, profession, and quintiles of body mass index and physical activity. In these models, we evaluated monotonic trends by using the median value of each category and modeling this as a continuous variable. All P values are 2-sided. Covariates were not updated during the follow-up.

Abilities

Throughout 323 394 individual-numerous years of follow-upwards, i documented 328 cases of cerebrovascular crashes (50 fatal), also 210 ischemic, 70 hemorrhagic, and 48 unclassified strokes. Guys regarding top 5th out-of potassium consumption (and additionally potassium regarding products) was in fact less likely to cigarette, had been way more myself active, and ate reduced liquor, faster pounds, far more healthy protein, and more micronutrients than simply guys towards the bottom 5th (Dining table step 1 ). Equivalent affairs was indeed discovered to have magnesium, soluble fiber, and you can calcium (studies maybe not revealed). This-modified RR out of complete heart attack for men from the most useful 5th regarding potassium consumption compared with those in the beds base 5th are 0.59 (Table dos ). It RR was slightly attenuated of the adjustment to own nondietary risk items (RR=0.62) and also by next changes having consumption off magnesium and you may fiber (RR=0.69). Brand new involved relationships that have ischemic coronary attack have been similar, while zero significant contacts was in fact seen to have hemorrhagic coronary attack (investigation not found). Subsequent improvement for consumption out-of overall pounds, healthy protein, saturated fat, vitamin C, e vitamin, carotene, or folic acid don’t materially alter the association ranging from potassium consumption and likelihood of complete coronary arrest, nor performed changes to possess baseline systolic and you will diastolic blood pressure level otherwise addition towards the model of a communicating term ranging from age and you can blood pressure levels.

Intakes of dietary fiber and you can magnesium have been each other inversely of threat of overall stroke inside many years-modified analyses (Desk dos ). Such connectivity was basically simply modestly attenuated from the changes to possess nondietary risk facts, nonetheless they was basically considerably weakened in regression habits one to on the other hand incorporated potassium, magnesium, and you will dietary fiber by the self-confident correlations ranging from consumption regarding this type of nutrients (Pearson relationship coefficients was 0.65 to own magnesium and potassium, 0.62 to own magnesium and you may soluble fiber, and 0.58 to have potassium and you will dietary fiber).

Neither calcium nor sodium consumption (studies perhaps not found) are significantly on the likelihood of full, ischemic, or hemorrhagic heart attack. Sodium intake has also been not related so you’re able to consumption of potassium (Pearson correlation = ?0.02) and you will was not assessed further. As the when you look at the an earlier data an enthusiastic inverse association is said ranging from calcium off milk sources and you will likelihood of stroke, 20 i checked so it matchmaking within cohort. The latest multivariate risk toward most readily useful compared with the bottom quintile regarding whole milk calcium consumption are 0.83 (95% CI, 0.59, 1.17) to have overall (Dining table 2 ), 0.ninety (95% CI, 0.59, step 1.37) having ischemic, and you may 0.73 (95% CI, 0.36, step 1.51) to have hemorrhagic stroke; a reduced frequency of each consequences is seen in the center quintile away from consumption. And, i checked-out whether the likelihood of stroke are lower among boys which reported playing with calcium supplements on baseline. The latest RR for men who grabbed ?eight hundred milligrams/d of extra calcium compared with nonusers is actually 0.88 getting complete stroke (95% CI, 0.sixty, step one.27) and you will 0.83 having ischemic coronary arrest (95% CI, 0.52, 1.34).